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Punycode ?

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Punycode is a simple and efficient transfer encoding syntax designed for use with Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA).  It uniquely and reversibly transforms a Unicode string into an ASCII  string.  ASCII characters in the Unicode string are represented  literally, and non-ASCII characters are represented by ASCII characters that are allowed in host name labels (letters, digits, and hyphens).

With this tool you can decode and encode the multilingual domains that use the ACE encoding.

List of Internet whois servers

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Preferred server name Associated institution
—————————— —————————————————————-
whois.alabanza.com Alabanza, Inc C=US
whois.compuserve.com CompuServe Interactive Services, Inc C=US
whois.discount-domain.com interQ Inc. C=JP
dns411.com Name.Space C=US
whois.domaindiscover.com TierraNet, Inc. C=US
whois.domainpeople.com NetNation Communications Inc. C=CA
whois.easyspace.com EasySpace Ltd. C=GB
whois.enom.com eNom, Inc. C=US
whois.geektools.com CenterGate Research Group, LLC C=US
whois.ibm.com IBM C=US  
whois.internetnamesww.com Melbourne IT C=AU
whois.names4ever.com A+Net Registrar C=US
whois.namesecure.com Maaznet Directory Service Inc. C=US
whois.networksolutions.com Network Solutions, Inc. C=US
whois.pacbell.com Pacific Bell C=US
whois.register.com Forman Interactive Corp C=US
whois.registrars.com Internet Domain Registrars C=US
whois.sunquest.com Sunquest Information Systems C=US
     
whois.berkeley.edu University of California at Berkeley C=US
www.binghamton.edu State University of New York at Binghamton C=US
finger.caltech.edu California Institute of Technology C=US
csufresno.edu California State University – Fresno C=US
csuhayward.edu California State University – Hayward C=US
csus.edu California State University – Sacramento C=US
whois.cwru.edu Case Western Reserve University C=US
cc.fsu.edu Florida State University C=US
directory.gatech.edu Georgia Institute of Technology C=US
gettysburg.edu Gettysburg College C=US
gmu.edu George Mason University C=US
whois.dfci.harvard.edu Dana-Farber Cancer Institute C=US
hmc.edu Harvey Mudd College C=US
indiana.edu Indiana University C=US
nii.isi.edu US Domain Registry C=US
whois.isi.edu .INT Whois Service C=US
whois.messiah.edu Messiah College C=US
whois.rsmas.miami.edu University of Miami, Rosentiel School of Marine
and Atmospheric Sciences C=US
mit.edu Massachusetts Institute of Technology C=US
directory.msstate.edu Mississippi State University C=US
vax2.winona.msus.edu Minnesota State University – Winona C=US
info.nau.edu Northern Arizona University C=US
whois.ncsu.edu North Carolina State University C=US
nd.edu University of Notre Dame C=US
earth.njit.edu New Jersey Institute of Technology C=US
vm1.nodak.edu North Dakota State University C=US
austin.onu.edu Ohio Northern University C=US
ph.orst.edu Oregon State University C=US
osu.edu Ohio State University C=US
whois.oxy.edu Occidental College C=US
info.psu.edu Pennsylvania State University C=US
whois.cc.rochester.edu University of Rochester C=US
whitepages.rutgers.edu Rutgers University C=US
whois.sdsu.edu San Diego State University C=US
stanford.edu Stanford University C=US
camis.stanford.edu Stanford University C=US
stjohns.edu St. John’s University C=US
sunysb.edu State University of New York, Stony Brook C=US
whois.bcm.tmc.edu Baylor College of Medicine C=US
whois.ubalt.edu University of Baltimore C=US
directory.ucdavis.edu University of California at Davis C=US
uchicago.edu University of Chicago C=US
ucsd.edu University of California at San Diego C=US
weber.ucsd.edu University of California at San Diego, Division
of Social Sciences C=US
cgl.ucsf.edu University of California at San Francisco,
School of Pharmacy C=US
whois.uh.edu University of Houston C=US
whois.umass.edu University of Massachusetts at Amherst C=US
lookup.umd.edu University of Maryland C=US
umn.edu University of Minnesota C=US
ns.unl.edu University of Nebraska at Lincoln C=US
whois.upenn.edu University of Pennsylvania C=US
x500.utexas.edu University of Texas at Austin C=US
netlib2.cs.utk.edu na-net (linear algebra on computers) C=US
whois.virginia.edu University of Virginia C=US
whois.wfu.edu Wake Forest University C=US
wisc.edu University of Wisconsin C=US
wpi.wpi.edu Worcester Polytechnic Institute C=US
ibc.wustl.edu Washington University C=US
     
vm1.hqadmin.doe.gov U.S. Department of Energy Headquarters C=US
wp.doe.gov U.S. Department of Energy C=US
llnl.gov Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory C=US
x500.arc.nasa.gov NASA Ames Research Center C=US
x500.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA Goddard Space Flight Center C=US
whois.hq.nasa.gov NASA Headquarters C=US
x500.ivv.nasa.gov NASA Software Independent Verification & Validation Facility C=US
whois.jpl.nasa.gov NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory C=US
x500.jsc.nasa.gov NASA Johnson Space Center C=US
larc.nasa.gov NASA Langley Research Center C=US
whois.larc.nasa.gov NASA Langley Research Center C=US
x500.msfc.nasa.gov NASA Marshall Space Flight Center C=US
x500.ssc.nasa.gov NASA Stennis Space Center C=US
x500.wstf.nasa.gov NASA White Sands Test Facility C=US
x500.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration C=US
wp.nersc.gov National Energy Research Supercomputer Center C=US
whois.nic.gov Center for Email Technology C=US
seda.sandia.gov Sandia National Laboratories C=US
     
whois.nic.mil DoD Network Information Center C=US
whois.nrl.navy.mil Naval Research Laboratory C=US
     
whois.6bone.net 6bone Registry C=US
whois.abuse.net Network Abuse Clearinghouse C=US
whois.aco.net Austrian Academic Computer Network C=AT
whois.apnic.net Asia Pacific Network Information Center C=SC
whois.arin.net American Registry for Internet Numbers C=US
whois.aunic.net The .AU Registry C=AU
whois.awregistry.net All West Communications C=US
whois.cary.net CARYNET & HK eDNS Whois server C=HK
whois.corenic.net CORE Internet Council of Registrars C=CH
whois.crsnic.net Network Solutions, Inc. for Shared Registration System C=US
whois.cw.net Cable & Wireless USA C=US
wp.es.net Energy Sciences Network C=US
whois.hinet.net Chunghwa Telecom C=TW
ds.internic.net Network Solutions, Inc. (non-MILNET/non-POC) C=US
whois.internic.net Network Solutions, Inc. C=US
whois.ja.net JANET C=GB  
whois.krnic.net Korea Network Information Center C=KR
whois.lac.net Latin America & Caribbean Whois Server C=EC
companies.mci.net RFC 2345 TLD-WHOIS demonstration server C=US
whois.nameit.net nameIT C=US
whois.netnames.net NetNames (.AF, .BT, .PW, .TM) C=GB
whois.nomination.net NomiNation (.GB.COM, .GB.NET, .UK.COM, .UK.NET)
C=GB
whois.nsiregistry.net Network Solutions, Inc. C=US
whois.oleane.net OLEANE SA C=FR
whois.opensrs.net Open Shared Registration System C=US
pcdc.net Pacific Communications Development Corp. C=TW
whois.ra.net The Routing Arbiter Project C=US
whois.ripe.net Reseaux IP Europeens C=NL
whois.ripn.net Russian Institute for Public Networks C=RU
whois.thnic.net Thailand Network Information Center C=TH
whois.twnic.net Taiwan Network Information Center C=TW
     
whois.dhs.org Domain Host Services C=AU
whois.morris.org Morris Automated Information Network C=US
     
whois.nic.ac nic.ac C=AC
whois.nic.am AM Network Information Centre C=AM
whois.nic.as ASNIC C=AS  
wp.tuwien.ac.at Technische Universitat Wien C=AT
whois.risc.uni-linz.ac.at Research Institute for Symbolic Computation, University of Linz C=AT
whois.wu-wien.ac.at Wirtschaftsuniversitaet Wien C=AT
archie.au Australian Academic and Research Network C=AU
whois.connect.com.au Connect.com.au Pty Ltd C=AU
whois.adelaide.edu.au University of Adelaide C=AU
whois.monash.edu.au Monash University C=AU
uwa.edu.au University of Western Australia C=AU
sserve.cc.adfa.oz.au University College, Australian Defense Force Academy C=AU
whois.kuleuven.ac.be Katholieke Universiteit Leuven C=BE
whois.belnet.be Belgian National Research Network C=BE
whois.registro.br registro.br C=BR
whois.camosun.bc.ca Camosun College, Victoria, B.C. C=CA
whois.canet.ca Bell Canada Internet Transit Service C=CA
whois.cdnnet.ca CDNnet C=CA
whois.queensu.ca Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada C=CA
ac.nsac.ns.ca Nova Scotia Agricultural College C=CA
whois.unb.ca University of New Brunswick C=CA
panda1.uottawa.ca University of Ottawa C=CA
dvinci.usask.ca University of Saskatchewan, Engineering C=CA
whois.usask.ca University of Saskatchewan C=CA
phys.uvic.ca University of Victoria, Physics & Astronomy C=CA
whois.uwo.ca University of Western Ontario C=CA
whois.nic.cc NIC.CC Registration Services C=CC
whois.nic.ch SWITCH Swiss Academic and Research Network C=CH
whois.nic.ck Cook Islands Network Information Centre C=CK
whois.nic.cl U. de Chile (NIC Chile) C=CL
whois.cnnic.net.cn Computer Network Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences C=CN
whois.ci.ucr.ac.cr University of Costa Rica Computer Center C=CR
whois.cuni.cz Charles University, Prague C=CZ
whois.mff.cuni.cz Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics C=CZ
www.fce.vutbr.cz Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Brno C=CZ
gopher.fme.vutbr.cz Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Brno C=CZ
whois.fee.vutbr.cz Faculty of Elec. Eng. and Computer Sci., Technical Univ. of Brno C=CZ
whois.vutbr.cz Technical University of Brno C=CZ
whois.fh-koeln.de Fachhochschule Koeln C=DE
whois.fzi.de Forschungszentrum Informatik C=DE
hermes.informatik.htw-zittau.de HTW Zittau/Goerlitz Elektrotechnik/Informatik C=DE
whois.nic.de DEutsches Network Information Center C=DE
whois.th-darmstadt.de Darmstadt University of Technology C=DE
whois.tu-chemnitz.de Technische Universitaet Chemnitz C=DE
whois.uni-regensburg.de Universitaet Regensburg C=DE
whois.uni-c.dk Danish Computing Centre for Research and Education C=DK
whois.ut.ee University of Tartu C=EE
whois.eunet.es EUnet, Goya, Spain C=ES
whois.dit.upm.es Tech. Univ. Madrid, Telecommunications Highschool C=ES
cs.hut.fi Helsinki University of Technology C=FI
oulu.fi Oulu University C=FI
vtt.fi Technical Research Centre of Finland C=FI
whois.nic.fr Association Francaise pour le Nommage Internet en Cooperation C=FR
whois.nordnet.fr NordNet C=FR
whois.univ-lille1.fr University of Sciences and Technologies of Lille – France C=FR
whois.hknic.net.hk HKNIC C=HK  
whois.registry.hm HM Domain Registry C=HM
whois.iisc.ernet.in Indian Institute of Science C=IN
whois.ncst.ernet.in National Centre for Software Technology C=IN
isgate.is Association of Research Networks in Iceland C=IS
isgate3.isnet.is Internet a Islandi C=IS
pgebrehiwot.iat.cnr.it Nigerian TLD Registration Service C=NG
dsa.nis.garr.it GARR-NIS c/o CNR-CNUCE C=IT
whois.nic.it Italian Network Information Center C=IT
whois.nic.mx Network Information Center – Mexico C=MX
whois.aist-nara.ac.jp Nara Institute of Science and Technology C=JP
whois-server.l.chiba-u.ac.jp Chiba University C=JP
whois.hiroshima-u.ac.jp Hiroshima University C=JP
gopher.educ.cc.keio.ac.jp Science and Technology Computing Center, Keio University C=JP
whois.cc.keio.ac.jp Keio University C=JP
whois.cc.uec.ac.jp University of Electro-Communications C=JP
whois.yamanashi.ac.jp Yamanashi University C=JP
whois.nic.ad.jp Japan Network Information Center C=JP
www.orions.ad.jp Osaka Regional Information and Open Network Systems C=JP
whois.domain.kg Kyrgyzstan TLD C=KZ
sorak.kaist.ac.kr Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology C=KR
whois.nic.or.kr Korea Network Information Center C=KR
whois.domain.kz Kazahstan Domain Name Registry C=KZ
whois.nic.li SWITCH Swiss Academic and Research Network C=LI
whois.nic.lk Sri Lanka Domain Registry C=LK
www.restena.lu RESTENA C=LU
whois.nic.mm MM-NIC C=MM
www.nic.mx NIC-Mexico C=MX
condor.dgsca.unam.mx Univ. Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, D.G. de Servicios de Computo Academico C=MX
domain-registry.nl Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland C=NL
whois.norid.no UNINETT FAS (NORID) C=NO
whois.nic.nu .NU Domain Ltd C=NU
whois.canterbury.ac.nz University of Canterbury C=NZ
directory.vuw.ac.nz Victoria University, Wellington C=NZ
waikato.ac.nz Waikato University C=NZ
whois.patho.gen.nz PATHOGEN C=NZ
whois.domainz.net.nz Domainz — The New Zealand Internet Registry Ltd
C=NZ
whois.rcp.net.pe Red Cientifica Peruana C=PE
whois.icm.edu.pl Interdyscyplinarne Centrum Modelowania Matematycznego i Komputero C=PL
whois.elka.pw.edu.pl Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology C=PL
whois.ia.pw.edu.pl Institute of Automatic Control, Warsaw University of Technology C=PL
whois.dns.pt Fundacao para a Computacao Cientifica Nacional C=PT
dsa.fccn.pt Fundacao para a Computacao Cientifica Nacional C=PT
chalmers.se Chalmers University of Technology C=SE
kth.se Royal Institute of Technology C=SE
whois.nic-se.se Network Information Centre Sweden C=SE
sics.se Swedish Institute of Computer Science C=SE
whois.nic.net.sg Singapore Network Information Centre C=SG
whois.nic.sh NIC.SH Domain Registry C=SH
whois.uakom.sk SANET (WAN of Slovak academic institutions) C=SK
whois.nic.st Domain Council of Sao Tome and Principe C=ST
whois.adamsnames.tc AdamsNames (.GS, .MS, .TC, .TF, .VG) C=TC
whois.nic.tj TJ-NIC C=TJ  
whois.tonic.to Tonic Domain Name Registry C=TO
whois.metu.edu.tr Middle East Technical University C=TR
whois.seed.net.tw Seednet C=TW
whois.iii.org.tw Institution for Information Industry C=TW
src.doc.ic.ac.uk Imperial College C=GB
whois.lut.ac.uk Loughborough University C=GB
whois.nic.uk Nominet UK (.UK Domain Registrar) C=GB
dsa.shu.ac.uk Sheffield Hallam University C=GB
whois.state.ct.us Department of Administrative Services, State of
Connecticut C=US
info.cnri.reston.va.us Corporation for National Research Initiatives,
Knowbot interface C=US
whois.frd.ac.za National Research Foundation C=ZA
whois.und.ac.za University of Natal (Durban) C=ZA
whois.co.za Foundation for Research Development C=ZA
     

The most common access approach involves separately querying each server of interest, via a direct tcp/whois connection. However, there are currently a number of active projects concerned with improved interfaces to these servers, either by more intelligent client software, or by standardization of the server behavior. Eventually, this should eliminate the need for end users to have the complete collection of server names; at this point, though, distributing the server list to individual Internet users is still worthwhile.

The procedure for accessing the whois servers will vary depending on your host’s operating system, and on what software is installed. On UNIX systems, the preferred method is

    whois -h _server_name_ _name_of_person_

If there is no whois program, sometimes it will work to type

    telnet _server_name_ 43

and then type the „name of person“ on a separate line. (The usefulness of this will vary depending on the details of the telnet client implementation installed on your system.)

Free File Hosting – Bandwidth

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Bandwidth is a term that many people can get confused about. Essentially, the bandwidth shows how much information how been downloaded from the server (a computer where the files are stored). Bandwidth is shown in terms of MB’s and sometimes even in GB’s (for large websites and files that are being downloaded often). For full websites, bandwidth can go pretty quickly since every single file and image must be downloaded for every single page that is visited by every individual user. Each image and file on a page are generally small, but having those being downloaded by many people all throughout the day can build up very quickly.

Bandwidth is purchased with a web hosting package. Bandwidth isn’t free, it costs money to be allotted a certain amount of bandwidth each month. Once the bandwidth limit is reached the files and images hosted on the server for the websites will not be able to be downloaded any longer. Essentially, they are inaccessible either until more bandwidth is purchased or until the next billing cycle (since bandwidth is purchased for a specified time period, generally a month).

File hosting websites tend to use up massive amounts of bandwidth. Bandwidth is not only used when people visit the website but also is used every single time a person downloads a file or image that has been uploaded to the file hosting website. For instance, when a person uploads a picture and then goes to show other people, bandwidth is used up every single time another person views that image. That means if you put the link to that image on another page or forum, the file hosting web site is having its bandwidth used up every single time that page is loaded since the image is being downloaded along with the rest of the page.

Since bandwidth isn’t free, file hosting websites have to place limits on the amount of times a file or image uploaded can be downloaded and also on the size of the file or image uploaded. Items that are very large require more bandwidth usage each and every time they are downloaded. Also, if the files were allowed to be downloaded unlimited amounts of time, people would abuse this and post them all over the place in forums and this could lead to serious bandwidth issues. File hosting websites allot as much as much and try to be very flexible with the issue but bandwidth isn’t free.